I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic, for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

Written in 1892 by socialist minister Francis Bellamy. As follows: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.:    In 1929 "the Flag of the United States"  was added.  In 1954 "under God" was added, with an objection by Mr. Bellamy's daughter!

based upon the statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies. decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short, referring only to statutes. The reason for this difference is that these civil law jurisdictions adhere to a tradition that the reader should be able to deduce the logic from the decision and the statutes, so that, in some cases, it is somewhat difficult to apply previous decisions to the facts presented in future cases.

Case law is based on precedence;

in a process known as stare decisis- only in courts of first impression